SUB-DEBRIS MELT RATES ON SOUTHERN INYLCHEK GLACIER, CENTRAL TIAN SHAN   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

WILFRIED HAGG  CHRISTOPH MAYER  ASTRID LAMBRECHT  ACHIM HELM 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(1):55-63

Melt rates of glacier surfaces are strongly influenced by the existence of a debris cover. Dependent on thickness and other physical parameters, the debris layer can enhance or reduce ablation as compared to bare ice conditions. Supraglacial moraines appear very frequently on Central Asian glaciers, greatly affecting water yield from these high mountain regions. In summer 2005, a network of 22 ablation stakes was drilled into locations with varying debris thicknesses on southern Inylchek Glacier in the central Tian Shan. Mean ablation rates varied from 2.8 to 6.7 cm/day, strongly correlated with moraine thickness. Parallel observation of air temperature allowed the application of a simple degree‐day approach and the calculation of ablation rates. Efforts to improve calculations of melt rates by incorporating relative air humidity to account for latent heat fluxes failed. This proves that air temperature is already a very good melt indicator. Ice albedo measurements show that reflectivity might be controlled by the occurrence of evaporation or condensation, but this topic needs further investigation.  相似文献   

沙鲁里山更新世冰川作用及西南季风波动对末次冰期冰川作用的影响   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

许刘兵  周尚哲  王杰 《第四纪研究》2005,25(5):620-629

地处南亚季风区的沙鲁里山地区保留有丰富的第四纪冰川作用遗迹。文章通过ESR对冰碛物直接定年,结合冰碛地貌形态及其风化程度差异,结果表明沙鲁里山地区可能经历了4次规模较大的冰川作用。它们的ESR年代大约为19～16kaB.P.,48～43kaB.P.,135kaB.P.和571kaB.P.,分别与深海氧同位素第2、第3、第6、第16阶段对应。自沙鲁里山最早冰川作用(571kaB.P.)以后,该区经历了较大规模的抬升作用。MIS2和MIS4期间西南季风微弱,降水稀少,气温严寒,南亚季风区冰川发育受到一定限制。MIS3早期和晚期夏季风强盛,降水丰富,温度较高,水热平衡状况有利于冰川发育;MIS3中期气温较低,夏季风较强盛,降水较丰富,这种冷湿组合的气候条件有利于冰川发育。南亚季风区,MIS3期间的冰川前进规模不亚于甚至在某些区域超过了末次盛冰期,其主要原因可能是受制于夏季风的降水差异。  相似文献   

西天山博故图金矿床H-O-S-Pb同位素示踪和Re-Os法测年   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙升升  薛春纪  陶剑丰  季海强 《岩石学报》2016,32(5):1346-1360

博故图金矿床是西天山近年新发现的一处大型金矿床,位于新疆特克斯县城北东部依什基里克成矿带东段。金矿体赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩地层中的NW或EW向断裂构造破碎带内,呈脉状或透镜状。由金矿体到两侧火山岩地层围岩,基本对称依次出现硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化等热液蚀变。矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、毒砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿、银金矿、辉银矿,脉石矿物主要有石英、玉髓、方解石、绢云母等。电子探针观测发现矿石中自然金主要在黄铁矿内呈包裹金,或在其他金属硫化物粒间赋存。含金脉石英氢氧同位素分析和计算表明,成矿流体δ18O水-SMOW=-4.2‰~1.4‰,δDV-SMOW=-111.2‰~-94.1‰,主体属循环的大气降水。矿区金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT范围为-7.5‰~5.8‰,均值为0.45‰,接近于原始地幔硫,矿石铅和火山岩铅同位素组成特征基本一致,206Pb/~(204)Pb=18.243~18.535,207Pb/~(204)Pb=15.565~15.753,208Pb/~(204)Pb=38.021~38.647,结合载金黄铁矿的187Os/188Os(i)平均值为0.774±0.076,γOs(t)平均值为520,显示成矿物质主要来自赋矿围岩大哈拉军山组火山岩。载金黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为356.1±9.3Ma(MSWD=16),矿区火山岩年龄为344±6Ma~368.3±1.7Ma。博故图金矿床应为低硫型浅成低温热液金矿。  相似文献   

汶川M_S 8.0地震:龙门山断裂两侧地壳各向异性的初步研究          下载免费PDF全文

齐少华  刘启元  陈九辉  李昱  李顺成  郭飚  王峻 《地震地质》2009,31(3):377

利用中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区布设的大规模密集流动宽频带地震台阵记录的远震P波波形数据,分别采用波形互相关和加权叠加方法研究了地壳各向异性。作为初步结果,得到了龙门山断裂两侧4个宽频带流动台站的接收函数莫霍面Ps转换震相快波方向和分裂时间延迟。结果表明:1)波形互相关方法总体上优于方位加权叠加方法,它不但可以给出快波方位,而且可以给出快慢波的时间延迟;方位加权叠加方法测量结果存在不确定性,其原因在于难以确定介质各向异性对称轴的方位;同时采用上述2种不同方法研究地壳各向异性参数有助于判断测量结果的可靠性;2)四川盆地内快波偏振方位基本一致,表明四川盆地地壳整体性较好,横向非均匀变形较弱;3)以汶川地震主震的震中区为界,松潘-甘孜地块北侧快波偏振方位与龙门山断裂近于平行,表明在四川盆地坚硬地壳的阻挡作用下,龙门山断裂附近松潘-甘孜地块北侧可能存在中下地壳软弱物质沿断层向NE方向的扩张变形,而其南侧处于正向挤压的状态。该结果有助于解释汶川MS8.0地震的单侧破裂过程及其余震发育的特征  相似文献   

长白山地区现今地应力测量结果与应力状态分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张春山  吴满路  张重远  廖椿庭  张淼 《地球物理学报》2016,59(3):922-930

本文通过在长白山地区不同地点进行原地测量获得了现今地应力实测值的大小和方向.为了研究长白山地区现今地应力状态,结合长白山火山监测工程的需要,我们在长白山地区进行了现场地应力测量,首次取得了该区的地应力实测数据.测量方法采用水压致裂法,测点分别布置在安图县永庆乡东清村和松江镇冰湖屯村,抚松县仙人桥镇大青川村等三个不同的构造部位,测量深度为40~95m.测量结果表明:本区现今最大水平主应力方向在天池北部以NW—NNW向为主,而在天池西部则为近EW向为主;最大水平主应力值一般为2.31~12.39 MPa,最小水平主应力值一般为1.39~7.02 MPa.与其他地区相比较,本区属中等偏高应力区.本文对研究区现今应力状态进行了初步分析,本区现今地应力状态主要受区域构造影响,同时受天池岩浆活动和地热田的影响,具有复杂性.  相似文献   

Denudation intensity and control in the Chinese Tian Shan: new constraints from mass balance on catchment‐alluvial fan systems          下载免费PDF全文

Laure Guerit  Laurie Barrier  Marc Jolivet  Bihong Fu  François Métivier 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(8):1088-1106

Tectonics and climate are usually seen as the main controlling factors of denudation rates, which seem to rise with the tectonic activity and to decrease when the climate becomes drier. However, the low denudation rates observed in semi‐arid to arid contexts are generally measured on orogenic plateaus where the respective influence of the flat relief and the dry climate cannot really be unravelled. The Chinese Tian Shan was chosen as a case study. In the northern piedmont of this mountain range, a series of well‐preserved Quaternary alluvial fans offer the opportunity to perform a mass balance study at the scale of several catchment areas and several hundreds of thousands of years. Based on a geometrical reconstruction of these fans, the volumes of sediments exported out of 10 drainage basins during the Middle–Late Pleistocene (from ～300 to ～12 kyr) and the Holocene (from ～12 kyr to present) have been estimated. From these volumes, an average denudation rate of ～135 m/Myr was determined in the Tian Shan Range for the last 300 kyr. In agreement with other mass balances performed in the same area, the typical denudation intensity of the northern Tian Shan is thus of a few hundred meters per million years at most, regardless of the space and time scales considered. From a comparison with denudation rates in other mountain ranges throughout the world, we suggest that a dry climate can dramatically limit the denudation intensity even in active orogenic systems with a high topographic gradient like the Tian Shan. As a result, the time required to reach equilibrium between denudation and rock uplift in these systems could be extremely long (i.e. of more than several million years). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

FOCAL MECHANISM AND SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE M5.0 YUEXI EARTHQUAKE ON 1 OCT. 2014, SOUTHWESTERN CHINA          下载免费PDF全文

YI Gui-xi  LONG Feng  ZHAO Min  GONG Yue  ZHANG Zhi-wei  QIAO Hui-zhen 《地震地质》2016,38(4):1124-1136

The Oct.1,2014 M5.0 Yuexi earthquake occurred on the Daliang Shan fault zone where only several historical moderate earthquakes were recorded.Based on the waveform data from Sichuan regional seismic network,we calculated the focal mechanism solution and centroid depth of the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake by CAP (Cut and Paste) waveform inversion method,and preliminarily analyzed the seismogenic structure.We also calculated the apparent stress values of the M5.0 earthquake and other 14 M_L≥4.0 events along the Shimian-Qiaojia fault segment of the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block.The result indicates that the parameters of the focal mechanism solution are with a strike of 256°,dip of 62°,and slip of 167° for the nodal plane Ⅰ,and strike of 352°,dip of 79°,and slip of 29° for the nodal plane Ⅱ.The azimuth of the P axis is 121° with dip angle of 11°,the azimuth of T axis is 217° with dip angle of 28°,and the centroid depth is about 11km,and moment magnitude is M_W5.1.According to the focal mechanism solution and the fault geometry near the epicenter,we infer that the seismogenic fault is a branch fault,i.e.,the Puxiong Fault,along the central segment of the Daliang Shan fault zone.Thus,the nodal plane Ⅱ was interpreted as the coseismic rupture plane.The M5.0 Yuexi earthquake is a strike-slip faulting event with an oblique component.The above findings reveal the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake resulted from the left-lateral strike-slip faulting of the NNW Dalang Shan fault zone under the nearly horizontal principal compressive stress regime in an NWW-SEE direction.The apparent stress value of the Yuexi earthquake is 0.99MPa,higher than those of the M_L ≥ 4.0 earthquakes along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block since 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake,implying a relatively high stress level on the seismogenic area and greater potential for the moderate and strong earthquake occurrence.It may also reflect the current increasing stress level of the entire area along the eastern boundary,and therefore,posing the risk of strong earthquakes there.  相似文献   

THE DISCUSSION FOR THE NEW ACTIVITY OF THE TIANQUAN SEGMENT OF LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE 1327 TIANQUAN EARTHQUAKE,SICHUAN          下载免费PDF全文

LIANG Ming-jian  CHEN Li-chun  RAN Yong-kang  WANG Hu  LI Dong-yu 《地震地质》2016,38(3):546-559

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred along the Longmen Shan fault zone, only five years later, another M7 Lushan earthquake struck the southern segment where its seismic risk has been highly focused by multiple geoscientists since this event. Through geological investigations and paleoseismic trenching, we suggest that the segment along the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault at south of the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake is active during Holocene. Along the fault, some discontinuous fault trough valleys developed and the fault dislocated the late Quaternary strata as the trench exposed. Based on analysis of historical records of earthquakes, we suggest that the epicenter of the 1327 Tianquan earthquake should be located near Tianquan and associated with the Shuangshi-Dachuan Fault. Furthermore, we compared the ranges of felt earthquakes(the 2013 M7 Lushan earthquake and the 1970 M_S6.2 Dayi earthquake)and suggest that the magnitude of the 1327 Tianquan earthquake is more possible between 6½ and 7. The southern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone behaves as a thrust fault system consisting of several sub-paralleled faults and its deep structure shows multiple layers of decollement, which might disperse strain accumulation effectively and make the thrust system propagate forward into the foreland basin, creating a new decollement on a gypsum-salt bed. The soft bed is thick and does not facilitate to constrain fault deformation and accumulate strain, which produces a weak surface tectonic expression and seismic activity along the southern segment, this is quite different from that of the middle and northern segments of the Longmen Shan fault zone.  相似文献   

地壳流变结构控制作用下的龙门山断裂带地震发生机理   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

柳畅  石耀霖  朱伯靖  程惠红  杨小林 《地球物理学报》2014,57(2):404-418

青藏高原东缘低地形变速率的龙门山断裂带上相继发生了2008汶川M_w7.9级地震和2013芦山M_w6.6级地震.地震勘探与震源定位结果揭示了龙门山区域地震空间分布特征：纵向上,龙门山断裂带这两次地震主震均发生在龙门山断裂带上地壳的底部（14~19 km）,绝大部分余震均发生在上地壳范围（5~25 km）,而在其中、下地壳深度范围内鲜见余震发生;横向上,地震（M_w>3）在龙门山断裂带青藏高原一侧密集分布且曾有大震发生,而四川盆地地震稀少（M_w>3）.为探讨龙门山断裂带地震发生机理,并解释以上龙门山区域地震空间分布特征,本文建立了龙门山断裂带西南段跨芦山地震震中区域的四种不同流变结构的龙门山断裂带三维岩石圈模型,以地表GPS观测资料为约束边界条件,数值模拟龙门山断裂带岩石圈在数千年以上长期匀速构造挤压作用下的应力积累特征,探讨了地壳分层流变性质对地壳应力积累的影响,分析了该区域地震空间分布与构造应力积累速率的关系.计算结果表明：该区域在数千年的应力积累过程中,脆性上地壳中应力表现近于恒定值的线性增长趋势,龙门山断裂带上地壳底部出现应力集中积累现象,这一应力集中现象可以解释龙门山断裂带汶川地震与芦山地震主震的发生,及其大部分余震在脆性上地壳中的触发;青藏高原一侧上地壳应力积累速率远远高于四川盆地的应力积累速率,这一应力积累分布现象可以解释龙门山区域青藏高原一侧地震密集而四川盆地地震稀少的地震空间分布特征;通过比较不同流变结构模型中的应力积累状态,认为导致这一应力积累空间分布状态的重要控制因素在于青藏高原中、下地壳较低的黏滞系数与四川盆地中、下地壳较高的黏滞系数的差异.在柔性的中、下地壳内,应力增长近于指数形式,稳定状态之后其应力增长速率近于零,构造应力积累难以达到岩石破裂强度,因而鲜见地震发生.地壳各层位的应力增长率差异与地震成层分布的现象共同揭示了龙门山区域岩石圈分层流变结构：脆性上地壳、韧性中、下地壳（青藏高原一侧较弱,四川盆地一侧较强）、韧性岩石圈上地幔.  相似文献   

龙门山构造带晚新生代剥蚀作用与均衡隆升的地表过程研究     

闫亮  李勇  邓涛  颜照坤  云锟  邵崇建  董顺利 《地球学报》2019,40(1):76-92

基于SRTM DEM数据,以青藏高原东缘龙门山地区为研究区域,本文通过条带状剖面分析、古地形面(残余面)恢复以及弹性挠曲模拟等研究手段,计算了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区晚新生代地壳均衡隆升与地表剥蚀之间的定量关系,探讨了龙门山地区表面剥蚀作用与均衡隆升作用之间的地表响应过程,从而为研究青藏高原东缘龙门山地区晚新生代以来的剥蚀—成山作用的隆升机制提供定量依据。研究表明:(1)晚新生代以来龙门山的地表剥蚀量为(0.74～1.14)×105km3;(2)大量的地表剥蚀作用驱动了青藏高原东缘龙门山的地壳均衡反弹,使龙门山隆升了近2 km;(3)龙门山地区地表剥蚀量和均衡隆升量具有空间匹配性,岷山断块及龙门山中、南段的均衡隆升量高于青藏高原东缘其它区域,反映了晚新生代以来龙门山地区在不同分段内差异化的构造地貌形态及与剥蚀—隆升相关的地表过程。(4)龙门山的隆升是多期、多种隆升机制叠加的产物,其隆升过程具有历史性和复合性。均衡隆升和剥蚀作用在相似的时间尺度上和空间尺度上控制着龙门山地貌的形成,约束了青藏高原东缘龙门山的隆升机制。  相似文献